Day of national unity or day of consent and reconciliation. A brief history of the National Unity Day holiday in Russia The history of the creation of the National Unity Day holiday
For the first time, Russia celebrated National Unity Day on November 4, 2005, after the President of the Russian Federation signed the corresponding order in 2004. National Unity Day has become an all-Russian public holiday.
Brief history of the holiday
The history of the appearance of the holiday goes back to the end of the reign of the Rurik dynasty. It is precisely this, according to modern historians, that caused the beginning of the so-called Time of Troubles, when, against the backdrop of the development of serious economic problems and the weakness of the ruling power, a foreign invasion of the territory of our state was implemented. In short, the gratitude of the Russian people for their help in expelling the Polish invaders can be considered a prerequisite for the emergence of this holiday.
Due to the difficulties that arose in the power structures in the division of power and the resulting unrest in the regular army, there was a need to create a people's militia to repel the invasion from Poland. The first attempt, unfortunately, ended in a complete failure of all plans. However, in 1611 in Nizhny Novgorod, under the leadership of the acting headman Kuzma Minin, a second attempt was made to organize a capable people's militia. Under the leadership of Minin and with the consent of the townspeople themselves, a collection of money was developed and approved for the creation, armament and full maintenance of a new people's militia.
Dmitry Pozharsky was elected the chief governor of the militia, who attracted not only ordinary citizens or peasants, but also representatives of eminent noble families into the ranks of the militia. The main task of the militia under the leadership of Dmitry Pozharsky was to repel the Polish invasion and prevent a foreign ruler from coming to power in the country.
In early March 1612, the militia advanced towards the city of Yaroslavl. And on November 4, 1612, the first people's militia, created on a voluntary basis, led by Dmitry Pozharsky, stormed Kitai-Gorod and drove the Polish invaders out of Moscow.
All the time of the struggle, the militias were under the protection of the icon of the Most Holy Theotokos, which as a result was placed in the Kazan Cathedral, built at the personal expense of Pozharsky.
The consequence of this victory was the coronation and coming to power in the country of the new Russian tsar - Mikhail Romanov. And on November 4, 1649, the ruling authorities in the country approved a new holiday, as an act of gratitude to the Most Holy Theotokos for her help in the fight against foreign invaders.
After the revolution of 1917, the celebration of this day was abolished due to the total struggle against any religious beliefs. But in 2004, this holiday reappeared in Russia.
Today it is a holiday that reminds us of the nobility of our multinational people, of their readiness to unite to repel external attacks, of the greatness of the people living in our country, of numerous high-profile victories over the enemy.
Holiday traditions
Today, this holiday symbolizes the unity of the people, thanks to which it was possible to defeat the Polish invaders.
This holiday provides an opportunity not only to remember one of the great victories, but also reminds the Russians that Russia is a multinational country and only by joint efforts can we defeat the enemy. To this day, magnificent and grandiose patriotic celebrations take place in all cities of the Russian Federation. Folk festivals are held with fun entertainment programs, concerts and fireworks.
The essence and meaning of the holiday National Unity Day 2018
On this day, 3 interrelated events are celebrated:
- Day of Military Glory;
- Day of the Kazan Mother of God - a church holiday;
- National Unity Day.
On November 4, 1612, the people's militia led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky stormed Kitay-gorod, they liberated Moscow from the Polish invaders. In general, this is a decisive, turning point, during which the heroism and solidarity of the entire people were shown. Everyone stood up to defend the Motherland, regardless of origin and religion.
National Unity Day 2018 in modern Russia
For a long time, at the very beginning of November, our country celebrated the anniversary of the October Revolution. After the collapse of the USSR, this holiday was replaced by the Day of Accord and Reconciliation.
The idea to revive in people's memory the celebration of the end of the Time of Troubles and the image of Our Lady of Kazan was expressed by the Interreligious Council of Russia in September 2004. After amending the Labor Code, the State Duma decided that November 4 would be recognized as National Unity Day.
Since 2005, the whole of Russia has been celebrating National Unity Day on November 4, this day is an official holiday and falls on the autumn holidays of schoolchildren. Traditionally, on this day in the Kremlin, the President of the Russian Federation presents state awards to outstanding figures of science and art, as well as to foreign citizens for their great contribution to strengthening friendship and developing cultural ties with Russia. Rallies, marches and demonstrations are held in Russian cities.
National Unity Day
National Unity Day is an official public holiday in Russia. noted fourth of november since 2005. The last holiday (non-working) day of the year in Russia.
The official status of the holiday National Unity Day in the Russian Federation
The holiday was established by the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin in December 2004 on the basis of the Federal Law "On the Introduction into Article 1 of the Federal Law" On the days of military glory (victorious days) of Russia. " Accordingly, for the first time Russians celebrated the holiday on November 4, 2005.
Brief information about the history of the holiday
National Unity Day is celebrated in memory of the events when the people's militia led by Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin liberated Moscow from Polish invaders in 1612.
History of National Unity Day
- On October 22 (November 1 according to the Gregorian calendar), 1612, militia fighters led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky stormed Kitay-Gorod, the garrison of the Commonwealth retreated to the Kremlin.
- Prince Pozharsky entered Kitai-Gorod with the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and vowed to build a temple in memory of this victory. On October 26 (November 5, according to the Gregorian calendar), the command of the interventionist garrison signed a capitulation, releasing the Moscow boyars and other nobles from the Kremlin at the same time.
- The next day (October 27) the garrison surrendered. At the end of February 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanov, the first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty, as the new tsar.
- In 1649, by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, October 22 (according to the Julian calendar), was declared a public holiday, which was celebrated for three centuries until 1917.
According to the Orthodox church calendar, this day marks the “Celebration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God (in memory of the deliverance of Moscow and Russia from the Poles in 1612)”, which falls on October 22 according to the Julian calendar. Due to the increase over the past century, the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars, this day has shifted to November 4th. It is this date - October 22 according to the Julian calendar, or November 4 according to the Gregorian calendar - that is chosen as the day of the public holiday.
The authorities of Ecuador have deprived Julian Assange of asylum in the London embassy. The founder of WikiLeaks is detained by the British police, and this has already been called the biggest betrayal in the history of Ecuador. Why is Assange being avenged and what awaits him?
Julian Assange, a programmer and journalist from Australia, became widely known after the website WikiLeaks, founded by him, published secret documents of the US State Department, as well as materials related to military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2010.
But it was quite difficult to find out who the policemen, supporting by the arms, were taking out of the building. Assange grew a beard and did not look at all like the energetic man that he had so far presented in photographs.
According to Ecuadorian President Lenin Moreno, Assange's asylum was denied because of his repeated violations of international conventions.
He is expected to remain at a police station in central London until he appears before Westminster Magistrates' Court.
Why the President of Ecuador is accused of betrayal
Former President of Ecuador Rafael Correa called the decision of the current government the biggest betrayal in the history of the country. "What he (Moreno. - Approx. ed.) did is a crime that humanity will never forget," Correa said.
London, on the contrary, thanked Moreno. The British Foreign Office believes that justice has prevailed. The representative of the Russian diplomatic department, Maria Zakharova, has a different opinion. "The hand of 'democracy' is squeezing the throat of freedom," she said. The Kremlin expressed the hope that the rights of the arrested person would be respected.
Ecuador harbored Assange because the former president was center-left, critical of US policy, and welcomed WikiLeaks' release of classified documents on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Even before the Internet activist needed asylum, he managed to get to know Correa personally: he interviewed him for the Russia Today channel.
However, in 2017, the government in Ecuador changed, the country headed for rapprochement with the United States. The new president called Assange "a stone in the shoe" and immediately made it clear that his stay on the territory of the embassy would not be delayed.
According to Correa, the moment of truth came at the end of June last year, when US Vice President Michael Pence arrived in Ecuador on a visit. Then everything was decided. "You can be sure: Lenin is just a hypocrite. He has already agreed with the Americans about the fate of Assange. And now he is trying to make us swallow the pill, saying that Ecuador allegedly continues the dialogue," Correa said in an interview with Russia Today.
How Assange made new enemies
The day before his arrest, WikiLeaks editor-in-chief Kristin Hrafnsson said that Assange was under total surveillance. "WikiLeaks uncovered a massive spy operation against Julian Assange at the Ecuadorian embassy," he said. According to him, cameras and voice recorders were placed around Assange, and the information received was transmitted to the administration of Donald Trump.
Hrafnsson specified that Assange was going to be expelled from the embassy a week earlier. This did not happen only because WikiLeaks made this information public. A high-ranking source told the portal about the plans of the Ecuadorian authorities, but the head of the Ecuadorian Foreign Ministry, Jose Valencia, denied the rumors.
Assange's expulsion was preceded by a corruption scandal involving Moreno. In February, WikiLeaks published the INA Papers package, which traced the operations of the offshore company INA Investment, founded by the brother of the Ecuadorian leader. In Quito, they said that this was a plot by Assange with Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro and former head of Ecuador Rafael Correa to overthrow Moreno.
In early April, Moreno complained about Assange's behavior in Ecuador's London mission. “We have to protect the life of Mr. Assange, but he has already crossed all the lines in terms of violating the agreement that we reached with him,” the president said. “This does not mean that he cannot speak freely, but he cannot lie and hack ". At the same time, back in February last year, it became known that Assange at the embassy was deprived of the opportunity to interact with the outside world, in particular, he was turned off access to the Internet.
Why Sweden stopped persecuting Assange
At the end of last year, Western media, citing sources, reported that Assange would be charged in the United States. This was never officially confirmed, but it was precisely because of Washington's position that Assange had to take refuge in the Ecuadorian embassy six years ago.
Sweden, in May 2017, stopped investigating two cases of rape in which the founder of the portal was accused. Assange demanded compensation from the country's government for legal costs in the amount of 900,000 euros.
Earlier, in 2015, Swedish prosecutors also dropped three charges against him due to the statute of limitations.
Where did the rape investigation lead?
Assange arrived in Sweden in the summer of 2010, hoping to get protection from US authorities. But he was under investigation for rape. In November 2010, a warrant for his arrest was issued in Stockholm, and Assange was put on the international wanted list. He was detained in London, but was soon released on bail of 240 thousand pounds.
In February 2011, a British court ruled to extradite Assange to Sweden, followed by a series of successful appeals for the founder of WikiLeaks.
The British authorities placed him under house arrest before deciding to extradite him to Sweden. Breaking his promise to the authorities, Assange asked for asylum in the Ecuadorian embassy, which was granted to him. Since then, the UK has had its own grievances against the founder of WikiLeaks.
What's next for Assange?
The man was re-arrested following a U.S. extradition request for publishing classified documents, police said. At the same time, Deputy Foreign Minister Alan Duncan said that Assange would not be sent to the United States if he faced the death penalty there.
In the UK, Assange is likely to appear in court on the afternoon of 11 April. This is stated on the WikiLeaks Twitter page. It is likely that the British authorities will seek a maximum sentence of 12 months, the man's mother said, citing his lawyer.
At the same time, the Swedish prosecutor's office is considering reopening the investigation into the rape allegation. Lawyer Elizabeth Massey Fritz, who represented the interests of the victim, will seek this.
He elected Mikhail Romanov, the first Russian Tsar from the Romanov dynasty, as the new Tsar.
On November 4, 1612, militia soldiers led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky stormed Kitay-Gorod, freeing Moscow from Polish invaders and demonstrating a model of heroism and solidarity of the whole people, regardless of origin, religion and position in society
However, opinions were expressed that the November 4 holiday has no historical connection with the events described above, and arguments were made about the way of dating old holidays in the new style. All these opinions come down to one thing: in order to cancel the Soviet holiday of the Great October Socialist Revolution, as well as to complete the work on the bill ahead of schedule, the date November 4 was chosen.
It was also noted that National Unity Day is a resurrected public holiday, established in 1649 by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. According to this decree, the church holiday of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God acquires the status of a state holiday. With the advent of Soviet power, the tradition of celebrating the liberation of Moscow was interrupted.
Some political scientists and politicians also spoke about the holiday. Their opinions on this issue differ. Words were also heard that the new holiday would not take root in Russia, and that National Unity Day had good prospects for the future.
The history of the establishment of the holiday
The immediate reason for the introduction of the new holiday was the government's planned cancellation of November 7, which in the minds of people is associated with the anniversary of the October Revolution of 1917.
The idea to make November 4 a holiday National Unity Day was expressed by the Interreligious Council of Russia in September 2004.
It was supported by the Duma Committee on Labor and Social Policy and thus acquired the status of a Duma initiative.
On the same day, members of the Presidium of the Interreligious Council of Russia addressed the Chairman of the State Duma, Boris Gryzlov, with a request to consider the Council's statement on the establishment of November 4 as a holiday. The Council supported the initiative to introduce a new holiday. The corresponding appeal, together with the text of the statement, was circulated in the Duma in connection with the consideration in the first reading of amendments to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation related to the revision of holidays.
On the eve of the first celebration of National Unity Day, a sociological survey was conducted in 46 regions of the country. 33% of respondents believed that November 4 is celebrated in Russia as the Day of Accord and Reconciliation, 8% were going to celebrate the Day of National Unity, and 5% - "The Day of Liberation from the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists." The same poll showed that the majority of Russians (63%) had a negative attitude towards the cancellation on November 7th.
Even more interesting are the results of the 2009 poll. The question was formulated as follows: “What kind of holiday is celebrated in Russia on November 4?” More than 30% of the respondents found it difficult to answer. 45% answered that they would celebrate National Unity Day, and 6% said that November 4 is the day of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. Slightly more than 10% of the population believe that in November the country celebrates the anniversary of the October Revolution.
Also, the holiday was actively celebrated in Moscow (where two processions and the “Russian march” took place; the country's president laid flowers at the Moscow monument to Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky), Samara, Volgograd, Vladimir, Kostroma, Petrozavodsk, St. Petersburg and other cities.
2011
Celebrations are taking place all over the country. Dmitry Medvedev laid flowers at the monument to Minin and Pozharsky and organized a reception at the Grand Kremlin Palace. Parallel to the nationalist "Russian March", a demonstration under the same name "Russian March" was held in Moscow, for which the Nashi movement has been gathering representatives of various nationalities for three years in a row.
year 2012
The city of Nizhny Novgorod will traditionally become the center of festive events. The regional Government allocated 15 million 200 thousand rubles for the organization of the holiday. In addition, by November 4, a sand sculpture about 30 meters long and about 5 meters high will be erected in Nizhny Novgorod. There is information that the sculpture will be thematic, that is, with the image of Kozma Minin's appeal. The full program of festive events in Nizhny Novgorod became known a week and a half before the start of the celebrations.
Notes
see also
Links
- Federal Law of December 29 No. 201-FZ
- Echo of Moscow. What will be celebrated in Russia on November 4, 2005? About the Time of Troubles, the chronology of events, confusion with calendars.
- News. Holidays. How do they appear and who installs them. Interview with Andrey Nikolayevich Sakharov, Director of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A detailed discussion of the problems associated with the date of the holiday and its history.
- BBC Russia. Heroes who were not given their due during their lifetime.
- RIA News. Day of unity of Russia. Reference
- V. E. Shmatov. Prince Pozharsky - a man of high faith, honor and duty
- Vladislav Nazarov. What will be celebrated in Russia on November 4, 2005?
- Smirnov I. V. Politics vs science. Biography of National Unity Day released
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At the end of 2004, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the Federal Law, approving the date when National Unity Day is celebrated. According to this document, this holiday, dedicated to one of the victorious days of Russia, should be celebrated every year on November 4th. And for the first time Russians celebrated this national holiday already in 2005.
The history of the holiday of national unity
The history of the Day of National Unity dates back to 1612, when the people's army led by Minin and Pozharsky liberated the city from foreign invaders. In addition, it was this event that served as the impetus for the end of the Time of Troubles in the 17th century.
The reason for the beginning of the unrest was a dynastic crisis. From the moment of the death of Ivan the Terrible (1584) until the wedding of the first Romanov (1613), the country was dominated by an era of crisis, which was caused by the interruption of the Rurik dynasty. Very quickly, the crisis became national-state: a single state was divided, mass robberies, robberies, thefts, corruption began, and the country was engulfed in general drunkenness and chaos. Numerous impostors began to appear, trying to seize the Russian throne.
Soon the power was seized by the “seven boyars”, headed by Prince Fyodor Mstislavsky. It was he who let the Poles into the city and tried to crown a Catholic - the Polish prince Vladislav.
And then Patriarch Hermogenes raised the Russian people to fight against the Polish invaders and defend Orthodoxy. But the first anti-Polish popular uprising led by Prokopy Lyapunov fell apart due to strife between the nobles and the Cossacks. This happened on March 19, 1611.
The next call for the creation of a people's militia was made only six months later - in September 1611 from a petty "trading man" Kuzma Minin. In his famous speech at a city meeting, he suggested that people should not spare their lives or property for the sake of a great cause. The townspeople responded to Minin's call and voluntarily began to donate thirty percent of their income to the creation of a militia. However, this was not enough, and people were forced to give another twenty percent for the same purposes.
Minin, the chief commander of the militia, proposed to invite the young Novgorod prince Dmitry Pozharsky. And the townspeople chose Minin himself as Pozharsky's assistant. As a result, the people elected and endowed with full confidence two people who became the head of the second nationwide uprising.
Under their banners, a huge army for those times was gathered, including more than 10 thousand people liable for military service, about 3,000 Cossacks, 1,000 archers and many more peasants. And already at the beginning of November 1612, with a miraculous icon in the hands of a nationwide uprising, they managed to take the city by storm and drive the invaders out of it.
This is what is dedicated to, which is celebrated in our country quite recently, but in fact this holiday is more than one hundred years old.
The celebration of the Day of National Unity traditionally consists in holding mass and socio-political events, including processions, rallies, sporting events and charity events, the laying of flowers by the President at the monument to Minin and Pozharsky, the celebration of the Divine Liturgy by the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' in the main church of the city Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. And the holiday ends with an evening concert. All these events are held in different cities of the country and are organized by political parties and social movements of the country.
